How to Add RAM to a MacBook Pro

It’s easier than you might think.

I bought a 15-inch MacBook Pro about a year ago. I use it primarily as my “test mule” — the computer I run software on when I’m writing about the software. But recently, I signed a contract to create a video training course for macPro Video. I’d record the video on my MacBook Pro using some high-end recording hardware. The hardware’s install guide requires a minimum of 1 GB of RAM, which my MacBook Pro had. But it also recommended 2 GB of RAM. More RAM is always better than less, so I looked into upgrading.

I found compatible RAM on the 4AllMemory.com Web site. LIke most RAM suppliers, 4AllMemory makes it easy to find the right RAM for your computer by letting you tell it exactly which computer you have. In my case, I have a MacBook Pro 2.16GHz 15.4-inch computer. The page for that computer offered a bunch of options.

I was shocked by the price. And, as usual, I must digress to explain why.

Back in 1989, when I bought my first Mac — a Mac IIcx — I upgraded the RAM from the 1 MB (not a typo) on board to 2 MB (not a typo) by installing four 256 K (not a typo) RAM SIMMs. The cost for that upgrade: $750 (not a typo).

The single 1 GB SO-DIMM I needed for my MacBook Pro would cost me $29.99 with free shipping.

As discussed in “MacBook Pro: How to install memory” on Apple’s Web site, RAM is very easy to install. The only thing you need is a size 0 or 00 Phillips screwdriver. The instructions on that page are step-by-step, with diagrams that show you each step. While I recommend that document as required reading before a memory installation, I took some photos this morning to supplement those steps.

Here’s how I did the job.

First, I shut down the computer. Then I laid out a dishtowel on my kitchen table and put the closed computer upside down on the towel (to protect its footless top from scratching). The bottom of the computer looks like this:

Bottom of MacBook Pro

Next, I removed the battery by pushing up on the two sliding latches that hold it in place and pulling the battery out. That exposed the three small screws that hold the RAM cover in place. I removed the three screws with the Phillips screwdriver. In this photo, two of the screws have already been removed:

RAM Cover

Inside the ComputerWith all screws removed, I lifted the RAM cover off, exposing the RAM slots. As you can see here, there are two slots; one is filled with a 1 GB SO-DIMM and the other is empty. A diagram illustrates how the slots work. Basically, the DIMMs slide in at an angle and then get pushed down parallel to the computer’s body.

I lined up the new DIMM’s pins and notch with the slot on the computer and firmly pushed in into place. Sorry about the bad focus in this shot:

Inserted DIMM

Then I pushed the entire DIMM down until it locked right above the other DIMM:

Pushed Down DIMM

About this MacAfter that, it was just a matter of screwing the RAM compartment cover back on and replacing the battery. When I started up the computer, a quick peek at About This Mac confirmed that the computer recognized the new RAM.

Total time elapsed: 5 minutes. But that’s because I stopped to take pictures.

One Back to My Mac Solution

I finally get it to work.

It’s almost embarrassing to admit: I wrote a book about Leopard and I could never get Back to My Mac (BTMM) to work for me. I thought it was a problem with Leopard. Many others seemed to, too. I figured I’d wait for a fix.

But now I find that I need BTMM functionality. So I spent the better part of two days troubleshooting the problem. The result: I’ve found a solution for my situation. If you’ve been having BTMM problems, maybe this will fix you up, too.

What Is Back to My Mac?

In case you have no idea what I’m talking about, here’s a quick review.

BTMM is a Leopard feature that works with a .Mac account. With it properly configured and enabled (the tricky part), it enables you to connect to your Mac for file sharing or screen sharing from another Mac on the Internet. This gives you secure access to your computer’s hard disk contents from virtually anywhere in the world. But it also gives you access to applications on a Mac. So, for example, I could use screen sharing from my MacBook Pro in Washington to open a Word document on my iMac in Arizona and use the iMac’s faxmodem to fax that document anywhere I like.

As you can imagine, this can be very useful if you’re away from your home or office Mac — especially for an extended period of time. Since I’ll be away from my iMac from the end of May through the middle of September this year, I was highly motivated to make this work.

My Problem — Well, the One with BTMM, Anyway

My problem was that when I was at a remote location, I could see the icon for my iMac, but I could not connect to it for either file sharing or screen sharing. In other words, BTMM simply wasn’t able to connect, despite the fact that it “saw” the computer I wanted to connect to.

What really annoyed me was that I had BTMM set up according to the Back to My Mac Guide provided by Apple. I’d RTFM — why wasn’t it working?

I won’t go into details on basic BTMM configuration options. I wrote about them in “Going Back to Your Mac in Mac OS X Leopard” — which is even more embarrassing. These instructions should work for most BTMM users — unless you have a double-NAT problem. I suspect that the majority of Mac users who can’t get this to work have that problem. I did.

But, as it turned out, my problem was even weirder.

Drat, Drat, that Double-NAT!

I’m not a networking expert and I really don’t want to be. Here’s what I understand about NAT as it relates to BTMM.

For BTMM to work, you must have a NAT-enabled router. That includes any AirPort Extreme base station or AirPort Express. It also includes a wide variety of other routers that you may use. Basically, if it’s relatively new — within a few years or so — it probably supports NAT. Both the Back to My Mac guide and my article (referenced above) explain how to enable NAT on an AirPort base station.

But if the cablemodem or other device provided by your ISP also has NAT enabled, you have double-NAT. This possibility is discussed in a good amount of detail in the Apple technical note titled “Back to My Mac: ‘Double-NAT’ Configurations may prevent Back to My Mac connections.”

You can’t have double-NAT. That means you have to turn one of the NAT setups off. In the double-NAT article, Apple recommends turning off NAT on your cablemodem, which is usually possible via a logon with a Web browser. If you can’t do that for some reason, you can set Connection Sharing to Off (Bridge mode) on your AirPort base station. The article explains exactly how to do it.

Either technique should resolve the problem for 90% of the people who have followed all the basic instructions and still can’t get BTMM to work.

But it didn’t resolve my problem.

I’m Special

Unfortunately, life at the edge of nowhere means you often have to settle for non-standard services. That pretty much describes my Internet service, which is provided by Chandler, AZ-based Bluewire.

There’s no cable television or fiber-optic telephone lines where I live and work. If I want something faster than dial-up — let’s get real here: who can live with dial-up these days? — I had to resort to a wireless Internet connection. No, it’s not dial-up networking (DUN), which I have in my Treo for when I’m in the middle of nowhere. It’s an antenna on the roof of my house. It points at an antenna on an AM radio tower about 2 miles away. That antenna points to an antenna on a water tower in downtown Wickenburg. That’s connected to a router that’s connected to a T1 connection.

I’m not the only person using that T1. Anyone in Wickenburg who’s outside of the range of cable and DSL who is willing to spend $39.99 a month for something faster than dial-up is sucking Internet off the same system. The router at the water tower has NAT enabled and distributes IP addresses to all of us.

But because the router is centralized, I can’t reconfigure it. According to Apple’s double-NAT article, setting Connection Sharing to Off (Bridge Mode) should do the trick. But it didn’t. The Apple support guy I talked to, Daniel in Austin, says that’s because I’m not getting a 10.x.x.x or 192.168.x.x IP address from my ISP’s router. This is confusing the system to the point that I completely lose my Internet connection when Bridge mode is enabled.

I needed another solution.

Give Me Some Static!

Ira, at my ISP explained that if I had a static IP address, NAT would be disabled for my connection to his system. He gave me a static IP address to try.

Guess what? When everything was properly configured, it worked!

(That static IP address will cost me an extra $7/month. Hey Ira, how about forgetting to add that to the billing system? Aren’t I already paying enough? Have pity for me! I live in Wickenburg!)

Here’s the fix that worked for me. Remember, I’m using an AirPort Extreme base station. If you’re using a different router, these exact instructions won’t apply.

  1. Open AirPort Utility and click the icon for your base station.
  2. Click the Internet button in the toolbar and then click the Internet Connection button in the main window.
  3. Choose Manually from the Configure IPv4 pop-up menu.
  4. Enter the IP address, Subnet Mask, Router Address, and DNS Servers provided by your ISP in the appropriate boxes.
  5. Make sure Connection Sharing is set to Share a public IP address. At this point, it should look something like this, but with real IP addresses:

    Airport Utility

  6. Click the NAT button to display NAT options.
  7. Make sure the check box for Enable NAT Port Mapping Protocol is turned on.
  8. Click Update.
  9. Wait while your AirPort base station is updated.

When the base station’s icon reappears in the AirPort utility window, you’re ready to test your Internet connection. Do this right away by checking your e-mail or opening a Web browser page that isn’t cached.

You shouldn’t have to change anything in your Network preferences pane. It should just take the IP address your AirPort base station sends it. So should all the other computers on the network.

Now go to another network and try accessing your computer via BTMM. In my case, the easiest way to do this was to create a DUN connection from my MacBook Pro’s Bluetooth connection to my Treo. (That sure doesn’t sound very easy, does it?) I was able to connect just like Steve Jobs said I should. Whew!

As soon as this is posted, I’ll head over to the local library and give it a try from their WiFi network. Cross your fingers for me!

I hope some of this information helps you fix your BTMM problems. Good luck!

4:00 PM Update: Just got back from a trip into town. Although BTMM would not work via the library’s WiFi connection, it did work from a nearby restaurant’s open WiFi connection that I latched onto from a parking space out front. (I must have looked pretty silly driving around town in my Jeep, parking in front of likely locations, and opening my MacBook Pro to search for WiFi.) I’m going to conclude that the library’s WiFi setup is somehow weird and different — which I wouldn’t doubt, since it was set up by the Town’s computer consultant who is also a bit weird and different. I’m going to call this a complete success. Best of luck to those of you still having problems.

How to Add a Second Display to Your Mac

Some tips on getting the job done without pulling out your hair.

Yesterday, I had the pleasure of adding a second display to my 24-in iMac setup. In this quick article, I’ll explain why I did this and provide some tips for how you can do it, too.

Why Two displays?

First of all, you need to understand how having a second display on your computer can work. Basically, you can use the second display two ways:

  • Use the second display to mirror the main display. You’d use this primarily when doing a presentation and you need a larger or second display to display to your audience. This is pretty common if you do a presentation from a laptop; you’d connect it to a projector which acts as a second display, then turn on mirroring.
  • Use the second display to add screen space to your computer setup. So instead of having the space on one display screen, you also have the space from the second display screen. The joined pair of screenshots below illustrate how this could work. This is how I use the second display.

The following example shows how I use my two displays. The one on the left is my 24-inch iMac display. This is my main display, which includes the menu bar, Dock (when displayed), and desktop icons. The one on the right is my new 22-inch Samsung DVI-D display. I’ve positioned them side by side, so when my mouse pointer is on the right side of the left display screen and I move the mouse to the right, it moves into the right display screen.

Two Monitors on a Mac

You may wonder why, with 24 inches of screen real estate set to its highest resolution (1920 x 1200 pixels), I wanted to add another display to my setup. There are two reasons:

  • I could. High resolution digital displays are surprisingly affordable these days (with the exception of those made by Apple and a number of other high-end makers). The new display cost just $309 in Best Buy; and yes, I’m sure I could have gotten a better deal elsewhere, if I were willing to spend days/weeks/months researching and shopping.
  • I felt that I could be more productive if I could move my online applications — Mail, Twitterrific, Skype, iChat — into a second display where they’d be visible but I wouldn’t have to switch to them. (Yes, I’ve tried Spaces and I’m very sorry to say that I just couldn’t make it work the way I needed it to with all my apps.)

I would like to mention here that although I bought a Samsung display and it works fine with my iMac, I’m not necessarily recommending it. The picture is okay and it worked right out of the box without installing any drivers. But the picture quality is not anywhere near as good as the incredible picture on my iMac — even my husband commented on it at first glance. So if you work with graphics or have problems with your eyesight and you’re not on a budget, I recommend that you check out an Apple display first. It might just be worth the $900 (for 23 inches) or $1800 (for 30 inches) price tag for you. Personally, I couldn’t justify the additional expense.

Set Up Tips

Once you decide to add a second display, consider these things:

  • Can your computer support a second display? This is a biggie. If the answer is no, forget it. You can find out if your Mac can support a second display by visiting the Apple store and chatting with someone working the floor. If that’s not an option, try checking Apple’s Web site for technical specifications on your computer model. (Here’s the specs for mine.) If you’re really confused and your Mac is a currently available model, you can try giving the Apple Store a call at 1-800-MY-APPLE (in the U.S.) and asking. (Please don’t use this phone number to get technical support — it’s a sales number and the person who answers will not be able to help you.)
  • What’s the maximum resolution your computer will support for the second display? This is also information you can get from the above sources. You need to know this so you don’t buy a display that’s too big for what your computer can support. My 22-inch Samsung has a lower resolution than what my computer can support.
  • What cable will you need for your display? Before you answer this question, either know which display you plan to buy or buy the display. If you’re like me, no matter how many cables and adapters you have in your home or office, you will not have the one you need.

To make sure I got the right adapter, I looked at the description on the display box, examined the DVI-D cable that came with the display, checked the pictures here, called the Apple Store to ask, and looked up the adapter on the Apple Store’s Web site.

Do I sound paranoid? I live 50 miles from the closest Apple Store and there’s nothing more frustrating than getting the wrong cable or adapter. The Apple Web site is full of bad reviews by buyers who bought the wrong adapter; I didn’t want to make the same mistake.

I sent a link to the Apple Store Web page for the adapter to my husband at work in Phoenix and told him to print it and bring it with him to the Apple Store. He walked into the Biltmore store, flashed the printout, and got the right adapter. The cost: $19.

Remember that the adapter I bought works for me with my computer and my second display; it might not work for you. Do your homework and don’t blame me if you buy the wrong one.

Setting Options

Once you’ve got the second display connected and powered up, your Mac should automatically recognize it. Although you may not need to configure it at all, you can. Here’s what the configuration looks like with my Leopard setup.

Open System Preferences and click the Displays icon. Two Displays preferences panes should appear — one on each screen.

iMac Display PanelSamsung Display PanelHere’s the Display panel of the Display preferences pane on each display. I won’t go into detail on the usual settings; I cover all that in my Leopard book. Instead, note the Gather Windows button. Clicking this button moves all the open windows to that display. You might find this handy if you have a second display connected and you don’t want to power it up. What I’ve discovered is that your Mac will remember where an application’s windows were the last time you ran the application and will reopen the windows there. The Gather Windows button moves those windows to the display you click the button on.

You might also notice a Rotate button on the SyncMaster window for my Samsung display. That’s a weird little feature that enables me to rotate the display’s image in 90° increments. (The larger display actually has a rotating base.)

Display ArrangementTo set up the positioning of the displays, click the Arrangement button on the main display’s Display preferences pane. The Arrangement panel, shown here, displays the two displays as they are arranged. In my setup, the two displays are physically side by side with the Samsung a little lower than the iMac. You can drag the boxes to reposition the displays and I highly recommend that you do so if you need to. For example, if your second display is on the left, drag its box to the left of the main display. This way the mouse behaves logically when you drag it from one screen to another. (This, by the way, would be a great practical joke to play on a friend with two displays; just switch the boxes around to drive him nuts!)

If you decide you want the menu bar on the other display, just drag it over there. That’ll move the menu bar, Dock, and volume icons that appear on the desktop.

If you want to mirror the displays, as discussed at the beginning of this article, turn on the Mirror Displays check box. This is also where you’d disable this feature if it happened to be turned on by default.

But Wait! There’s More!

Displays MenuOf course, you can set many of the Options in the Displays preferences pane if you turn on the Displays menu. Here’s what my Displays menu looks like with both displays connected. As you can see, I can enable/disable mirroring, set resolution for either display, or open Display preferences. Saves the bother of going into the Displays preferences pane for making minor adjustments.

Learn More

Product ImageYou can learn more about options in the Displays preferences pane on pages 553-554 of Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide.

And if you’d prefer to stick with one monitor, be sure to check out pages 179-183 of the book to learn more about Spaces.

Smartphone Internet Article Now Online

Learn now to connect your Mac to the Internet with Bluetooth and a smartphone.

Peachpit Press has published my most recent article for them, “Setting Up Your Mac to Use a Smartphone’s Internet Connection” on their Web site. The article explains in detail, with step-by-step illustrated instructions, how to use a smartphone like a Treo to connect a Macintosh to the Internet.

If you use this technique, be sure to check out “Ping to Keep Your Connection Alive” on this site to prevent your connection from dropping due to inactivity.

To Do List Widgets

Putting your to do list in the Dashboard.Back in August, I wrote a blog post titled “Ten Dashboard Widgets I Can’t Live Without.” In it, I included DoBeDo, a widget that displays the items in your iCal Do To list in the Dashboard. The trouble with DoBeDo, as I soon found out, is that it was not compatible with Mac OS X Leopard. So when I upgraded, I was without a to do list in my Dashboard. This seriously impacted my productivity, since I was in the habit of consulting the To Do list periodically throughout the day.

Time passed. Today, I decided to find a To Do list solution for Dashboard. And I found two: DoBeDo 4 and To Do Widget.

DoBeDo 4DoBeDo 4.0

Blue Henley, makers of DoBeDo, have upgraded their software. DoBeDo 4 is Leopard-compatible and offers the same collection of features found in the Tiger-compatible version (which is still available for those of you who haven’t upgraded yet).
DoBeDo BackI like DoBeDo because of its extremely flexible display options, which you can access on the back of the widget. You can set sort options, how long completed items are displayed, how far in the future items should be displayed. You can also choose from among 4 predefined styles and how much detail should appear in the dialog you use to add a new item.You can also print a to do list — which is something I can’t seem to do from within iCal itself. That alone makes it a good tool for managing things to do. I’m very glad to have it back.

To Do WidgetTo Do Widget

To Do Widget, by Philipe Fatio, offers to do list functionality in the Dashboard using a yellow notepad interface that nicely matches the interface in Mail.
To Do Widget BackTo Do’s customization features are a bit limited when compared with DoBeDo’s. You can set sorting options, but you can only select whether completed items show or don’t show –rather than allow them to be displayed for a limited number of days. One nice feature is the ability to set the font and font size, although the options are limited. I absolutely hate Apple’s choice of Marker Felt font,which is the default for To Do, so it was nice to be able to change it to one I prefer.

What They Both Do

Both widgets are fully integrated into iCal and Mail. In fact, it was kind of neat to see one widget immediately change when I made a change to the other. Both widgets enable you to mark an item as completed, edit an item, add an item, or remove an item. So you can manage your entire To Do list through either widget.

Both are good options for anyone who needs a To Do list in their Mac OS X Dashboard. Try them and pick the one you like best. Both are free, although I assume that the developers wouldn’t turn down a donation to thank them for their efforts.

Changing the Default Application to Open a File

Make a file open with the application you want it to — every time.

Yesterday, I explained how to use the Open With submenu. Today, I’ll take this topic a step further by explaining how to permanently change the default application that a document opens in.

It’s all done with the document’s Info window:

  1. Select the icon for the document you want to change the default application for.
  2. Choose File > Get Info or press Command-I.
  3. In the Info window that appears, if necessary, click the disclosure triangle to display the Open with options.
  4. Open With Menu in Info WindowChoose a different application from the pop-up menu (shown here). If you choose Other, you can use a standard Open dialog to choose another installed application.
  5. To change the default application for all documents of that type (as I have done with all .jpg files on my computer, changing them to open with Photoshop instead of Preview), click the Change All button. Then click Continue in the confirmation dialog that appears.
  6. Click the Info window’s close button to dismiss it.

When following these instructions, be sure to choose an application that can open that type of document. Otherwise, you’ll get an error message when you double-click the document to open it. If that happens, just follow these instructions again to change the application to a more appropriate one.

Page References

Product ImageYou can learn more this topic in Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide on the following pages:

  • The Info Window, pages 143-145.
  • Using Applications & Creating Documents, pages 188-190.

Choosing the Application to Open a File

When the default application isn’t the one you want to use.

In Mac OS, each document is automatically associated with an application. Double-clicking the document icon in the Finder automatically opens the document in the default application.

But you don’t have to choose that application to get the job done. You can choose from a menu of installed applications that may be able to open the file.

Here’s how:

  1. Select the icon for the document you want to open.
  2. Choose File > Open With to display a submenu menu of applications.
    Open With Submenu
    or
    Control-click (or right-click) on the selected icon and choose Open with from the contextual menu that appears to display a submenu of applications.
    Open With on Contextual Menu
  3. Choose the application you want.

Why would you do this? Well suppose you have an image file that would normally open in Preview, but you want to do some heavy-duty editing on it in Photoshop. While you could always drag the document icon onto the Photoshop icon to open the document in Photoshop, this makes it possible to open the document in Photoshop without displaying the Photoshop icon.

Chapter References

Product ImageYou can learn more documents and applications in Chapter 10: Application Basics in Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide.

Authenticate Dialog Caps Lock Key Reminder

More proof that your Mac is smart and tries to be helpful.

If you’ve been using a Mac — or any computer, for that matter — for some time now, you should realize that in many cases, passwords are case-sensitive. That means that password isn’t the same as PASSWORD or PassWord.

Pretty basic stuff, right?

Authenticate with Caps LockBut did you know that when your Mac displays an authenticate dialog like the one shown here, if your Caps Lock key is down, it automatically displays a little icon in the password field to tell you about it? Just press the Caps Lock key again to turn off caps lock and the icon goes away.

Page References

You can learn more about security and the authenticate dialog in Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide on the following pages:

  • Launching the Mac OS X Installer, page 3.
  • Connecting to iDisks, page 458-459.
  • Setting an item’s permissions, page 496.
  • Using the network browser, page 498.
  • Unlocking System Preferences, page 505.
  • Making files accessible to the administrator, page 527.
  • Setting Keychain access control options, page 535.
  • Unlocking a keychain, page 538.

A Nice Little Hub

Technology gets ever smaller, ever cheaper.

One thing I noticed about my computers: I never seem to have enough USB hubs. Indeed — the 7-port hub connected to my iMac has all ports full: digital camera cable, iPod dock, modem, printer, backup hard disk, scanner, and WebCam.

It had gotten to the point where I had to unplug an item to use its hub port.

So I ordered a new hub. It arrived today.

Belkin HubIt’s a Belkin clip-on USB hub. It’s tiny, it has 4 ports and a power adapter, and it clips onto the side of my desk. It only costs $26.85 on Amazon.com.

I plugged it into the back of my Mac and plugged my WebCam and scanner into it, thus freeing up two ports on the 7-port hub. Everything’s working smoothly.

What amazes me, however, is how small these things are getting. The device is barely big enough for its ports. And the clip-on design prevents it from sliding off my desk like my other one did (before I taped it down).

I know I’ve just started using it, but I’m very pleased with it. Belkin, in general, makes excellent hubs. I’ve never had cause to complain about any of their products. I highly recommend them.

Changing Mac OS X’s Default E-Mail Application

It doesn’t have to be Mail.

By default, Mac OS X is pre-configured with Mail, Apple’s e-mail application, set as the default e-mail client. That means clicking a link to an e-mail address or accessing your e-mail program from within another application will automatically launch Mail.

But you can easily change it to an e-mail client you prefer. Here’s how:

  1. Open Mail.
  2. Choose Mail > Preferences to open the preferences window.
  3. General Mail PreferencesIf necessary, click the General button in the preferences window’s toolbar to display General options.
  4. Choose the mail client you prefer from the Default email reader pop-up menu. If the application is not listed by name, you can choose Select from the menu and use the dialog that appears to locate and select the e-mail client you want. (Obviously, the application must be installed on your computer to select it.)
  5. Click the window’s close button to dismiss it.
  6. Choose Mail > Quit Mail to quit Mail.

Changes take affect as soon as you quit Mail.

Note that the preferences window shown here is for Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard. These steps also work in Tiger, although the preferences window may look different.

Chapter and Page References

Product ImageMac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide includes more information about related topics:

  • Connecting to the Internet, Chapter 18
  • Mac OS X’s Internet Applications, page 419
  • Using Mail, pages 421-435

Powering Off with a Light Timer and Automator

A bit geeky but effective.

My little home-based office has a lot of computer equipment in it. And since there’s always so much on my mind, I often forget to turn off certain peripherals when I’m finished using them or simply done for the day. These include two laser printers and the external hard disk I use with Time Machine.

Although I could leave them on all the time, it really isn’t a good idea. My main printer, which is about 5 years old now, seems to develop toner cartridge problems when it’s left on all the time. The darn cartridges cost $95 each. And it simply can’t be a good idea to leave a hard disk spinning all the time.

And then there’s the power. It’s not cost as much as the idea of it. Leaving devices turned on when you’re not using them is wasteful, plain and simple.

So I’ve come up with a solution: a light timer.

By light timer, I’m referring to a device you might use to turn lights on and off while you’re away on vacation to make it look like you’re home. I bought one with a three-prong outlet on it. I set it to turn on every morning at 5 AM, which is when my computer turns on for the day, and turn off every evening at 8 PM, which is when I’m usually done working for the day. I plugged a surge suppressor power strip into it and plugged the two printers and hard disk into it. Then I turned them all on.

Now those of you who know Mac OS know what happens when you turn off power to a connected and mounted hard disk. Your Mac displays a message telling you that the device was improperly disconnected and that file errors may result. So it’s not a good idea to simply turn off an external hard disk while the computer it’s connected to is still on and the disk is still mounted.

The solution to that is to make sure the disk is unmounted before it is powered down. But if I can’t remember to flip a few power switches at day’s end, what makes you think I can remember to unmount a hard disk? Obviously, I can’t.

Enter Automator. I wrote a very simple Automator Action that unmounts the disk. As shown here, it has only two steps:

  1. Automator ActionGet Specified Finder Items identifies the disk.
  2. Eject Disk unmounts the disk.

Then I used the iCal alarm trick to run the action every day at 6 PM.

So here’s how it all works. My computer is set to automatically start at 5 AM each morning. At about the same time, the light timer turns on the 3 peripherals, including an external hard disk connected to the computer. I come to work. I work. I wander out sometime late in the afternoon. At 6 PM, the hard disk unmounts using the Automator action triggered by iCal. I might wander back in, but I don’t need that external hard disk so I don’t even notice it’s gone. Or I might not wander in at all. At 8 PM the peripherals turn off, thanks to the light timer. Around the same time, computer shuts down automatically. Or maybe I shut down the computer earlier or later, depending on what I’m doing with it.

The point is, all this electronic stuff is turned off at night so I’m not wasting electricity on it.

Would it be easier to do it all manually? I don’t think so.

And one of these days I might get brave enough to explain how I set up iCal to remind me to drink a glass of water every hour all day every day. (And no, I don’t need it to remind me to head to the loo.)

Chapter References

Product ImageYou can learn more about automating tasks with Automator and AppleScript in Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide. I introduce them both in Chapter 25.

Changing Mac OS X’s Default Web Browser

It doesn’t have to be Safari.

By default, Mac OS X is pre-configured with Safari, Apple’s Web browser, set as the default Web browser. That means clicking a link to a Web URL in an e-mail message or other document will automatically open that link in Safari.

But you can easily change it to a browser you prefer. Here’s how:

  1. Open the Safari Web browser.
  2. Choose Safari > Preferences to open the preferences window.
  3. General Prefs in SafariIf necessary, click the General button in the preferences window’s toolbar to display General options.
  4. Choose the Browser you prefer from the Default Web Browser pop-up menu. If the browser is not listed by name, you can choose Select from the menu and use the dialog that appears to locate and select the browser you want. (Obviously, the browser must be installed on your computer to select it.)
  5. Click the window’s close button to dismiss it.
  6. Choose Safari > Quit Safari to quit Safari.

Changes take affect as soon as you quit Safari.

Note that the preferences window shown here is for Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard. These steps also work in Tiger, although the preferences window may look different.

Chapter and Page References

Product ImageMac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide includes more information about related topics:

  • Connecting to the Internet, Chapter 18
  • Mac OS X’s Internet Applications, page 419
  • Using Safari, pages 445-447

Triggering Scripts and Automator Actions with iCal

A little-known use for the alarm feature.

I thought I’d written about this somewhere here, but I guess I didn’t. So here it is: a very easy way to trigger scripts and Automator actions on your Mac.

  1. Open iCal.
  2. iCal Event OptionsCreate a new event for the date and time you want the script or action to run.
  3. If the action should be repeated — for example, run every day at the same time — use the Repeat options to set up the frequency.
  4. Choose Open file from the Alarm pop-up menu.
  5. By default, iCal appears in a menu beneath it. Choose Other from that menu and use the dialog that appears to select the script or action you want to run. When you click the Select button, its name appears under Open File.
  6. Set the time option to read 0 minutes before.
  7. Save your settings.

From that point forward, the script or action will run on schedule with no additional effort on your part.

This works in the current version of iCal (part of Leopard) as well as the version that came with Tiger. I don’t know about earlier versions. The screenshot here is from Leopard.

A few bonus tips:

  • If you don’t want these events cluttering up your calendar views, put them in their own calendar and turn off the check box for it in the Calendars list. The events will continue to work, but you won’t have to look at them.
  • Be sure that neither Turn off alarms option is enabled in iCal’s Advanced preferences. If you turn off alarms, this alarm obviously won’t work. If alarms are turned off when iCal is not running, you’ll have to keep iCal running all the time for this alarm to work.
  • iCal 3 (which is part of Leopard) enables you to set multiple alarms for a single event. use this to run multiple scripts or to run the same script multiple times in a day.

Page References

Product ImageMac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide includes more information about related topics:

  • Adding iCal Events, page 254
  • Setting Event Details (including alarms), pages 255-257
  • Adding Calendars, page 261
  • Using AppleScript and Automator, pages 613-636

Clearing Out Previous Mail Recipients

A little housekeeping in Apple Mail.

If you use Mail, you know that it looks up addressees and displays a menu of possible matches as you type. So if you type in John, it’ll look up all the people with those characters in their name or e-mail address.

If you’re sharp, you’ve probably realized that the people who appear on this list aren’t just the people in your Address Book file. They’re also people who you have sent messages to in the past: previous recipients.

Over time, your list of previous mail recipients gets long and awkward. When you attempt to enter an address, unwanted — or perhaps even invalid — addressees appear. Fortunately, you can clear out these old addresses using the Previous Recipients window.

Previous RecipientsTo display the Previous Recipients window, choose Window > Previous Recipients. As you can see, it lists all people you have sent e-mail messages to. Names preceded with a tiny Address Book icon are people in your Address Book file. You can sort the list by any column; just click it.

To remove a recipient, select his or her entry and click the Remove from List button. The entry disappears. Keep in mind that if you remove an entry with an Address Book icon, you do not remove that entry from your Address Book — just from this list.

To add recipient to your Address Book file, select his or her entry and click Add to Address Book. The entry is created in your Address Book and a tiny Address Book icon appears next to the name in the Previous Recipients list.

Page References

Product ImageMac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide includes more information about related topics:

  • Creating Messages (including addressing messages), page 425
  • Replying to messages, page 430
  • Adding Address Book Cards, pages 241-242
  • Editing Contact Cards, page 243

Learning (and Unlearning) Spellings

Tips for using Mac OS X’s spelling checker.

One of the great things about Mac OS X is its built-in spelling checker. It makes it a lot tougher to spell a word incorrectly.

With Check Spelling While Typing enabled, a dotted red underline appears under each word Mac OS X doesn’t recognize. When faced with this, you have several options:

  • Spelling Contextual MenuManually type in a new spelling for the word.
  • Use the contextual menu to choose a different word. (I didn’t realize there were so many options for the spelling of my last name!)
  • Use the contextual menu to choose Ignore Spelling to remove the red underline.
  • Use the contextual menu to choose Learn Spelling to add the word’s current spelling to the Mac OS X user dictionary. This is the option I recommend for a word that’s correctly spelled that you use often.

If you use the Ignore Spelling option, the word’s spelling is ignored in that document only. If you choose Learn Spelling, the word is ignored in all documents. And since Mac OS X’s spelling check feature works in all Apple applications, the word is ignored everywhere that Mac OS X might flag it as a possible error.

So what happens if you accidentally “learn” the incorrect spelling of a word? Simple. Tell Mac OS X to unlearn it.

Unlearn CommandRight-click (or Control-click) on the word you added to the dictionary in error. Then choose Unlearn Spelling from the contextual menu that appears. The word is immediately flagged as a possible problem again.

And remember, no spelling checker will flag a misspelled word if that spelling spells another word it knows.

Page References

Product ImageMac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide includes more information about related topics:

  • Checking Spelling & Grammar, pages 230-233
  • Using Contextual menus, page 21


Using Leopard’s Mosaic Screen Saver

A very cool screen saver for folks with a lot of photos stored on their Macs.

One of the very cool and almost hidden features of Mac OS X 10.5′s improved screen saver is the photo mosaic screen saver module. This screen saver tells your computer to use all of the photos stored on it to create mosaic images of photos stored in a specific folder or an iPhoto event or album.

If that description doesn’t really help you visualize what this screen saver is doing, this post includes a video that not only shows you how to set it up, but it shows you the screen saver in action.

Keep in mind that the mosaic screen saver works best if you have a lot of photos in your iPhoto file.

Setting It Up

Here are the step-by-step instructions for setting up this screen saver on your Mac. These instructions are repeated in the video, but you might want to read through them quickly to get an idea of what to expect.

  1. Choose Apple > System Preferences.
  2. In the System Preferences window that appears, click the Desktop & Screen Saver Icon.
  3. In the Desktop & Screen Saver preferences pane, click the Screen Saver button.
  4. In the Screen Savers list on the left side of the window, scroll down to the Pictures list and select one of the picture folders, iPhoto events, or iPhoto albums in the list. This will be the folder full of images that are created with the mosaic tiles.
  5. Under the Preview area, click the Mosaic Display Style button.
    Screen Saver
  6. Screen Saver OptionsClick the Options button and use the dialog sheet that appears to set options, including whether slides should be presented in a random order, how many rows of mosaic tiles should make up the image, and the speed at which the mosaic image should be built. Click OK to save your settings.
  7. Set screen saver Start options as desired, using the slider in the main Screen Saver window.
  8. To see what your screen saver will look like on a full screen, click Test. (You can press Esc when you’re finished previewing.
  9. Click the Desktop & Screen Saver preferences window to save your settings.

Seeing It In Action

Okay, here’s my home movie of the setup process, as well as a full-screen test with a number of images. To keep the video small, I downsized my computer display’s resolution. You’ll need QuickTime installed on your computer to see this video.

Two quick notes about this video:

  • To make the file size smaller, I’ve set the screen rate a bit low for this. As a result, the screen saver’s transition appear a bit jerky. When you use the screen saver, you’ll see that the transitions are actually quite smooth.
  • This is a 17 MB file. The quickTime controller may not appear immediately after you click, especially if you have a slow connection to the Internet.

[Note: I removed the full-size video I'd linked to here in addition to showing the movie above. It was choking at least one offline RSS reader with its 72+ MB size.]

Page References

Product ImageMac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide includes more information about related topics:

  • Screen Saver, pages 166-169
  • Using System Preferences Panes, pages 547-549
  • Preview, pages 304-308

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Shortcut Keys, Part III: Spotlight

A list of shortcut keys you can use with Spotlight.

Spotlight, Mac OS X’s search feature, can be accessed and used with a number of shortcut keys. Here’s a quick rundown for reference.

Opening Spotlight

Spotlight MenuCommand-Spacebar activates the Spotlight menu on the far right end of the menu bar. You can then type your search word or phrase into the field at the top of the menu.

Spotlight WindowCommand-
Option-
Spacebar
opens the Spotlight search window. You can then type your search word or phrase into the search box at the top-right corner of the window.

Selecting Items in the Spotlight Menu of Search Results

Spotlight ResultsReturn opens a selected item.

Command-Return opens the window for the Top Hit item on the Spotlight menu or, if another item is highlighted, that item. This is the same as Command-clicking on a selected item. (Thanks to reader Tom for clarifying this.)

Command-Click displays the item you clicked in the Finder but does not open it.

Down Arrow or Up Arrow selects the next or previous item in the menu.

Home selects the Show All option at the top of the menu.

End selects the Spotlight Preferences option at the bottom of the menu.

Command-Down Arrow or Command-Up Arrow selects the first item in the next or previous category.

Option-Down Arrow or Option-Up Arrow moves the insertion point to the end or the beginning of the text in the Spotlight menu’s search box.

Note that Apple’s Help feature includes a few additional shortcuts. These don’t seem to work with Leopard, so I haven’t included them here.

Chapter References

Product ImageChapter 5 of Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide covers Spotlight in detail. It explains how to use the Spotlight menu and the Spotlight Find window, as well as how to create, save, and reuse saved searches. Chapter 5 also explains how to set Spotlight preferences to set the order of search result categories, add or remove categories, and exclude folders from searching.

Seeing Related Words in the Dictionary Widget

It’s as easy as clicking a button.

I use the Dictionary widget a lot. In fact, it made my list of “Ten Dashboard Widgets I can’t Live Without.” This little widget can not only define a word and provide synonyms, but it can also display a clickable list of related words.

Give it a try:

  1. Display the Dictionary widget.
  2. Enter a word and press Return. (In this example, I entered the word apple.) The word’s definition appears.
    Dictionary Definition
  3. Click the letter in the half circle on the left side of the window. (In this example, it’s the letter A.) A list of related words appears.
    Related Words List
  4. To get more information about one of the words, click it.

This also works with the Thesaurus and Apple dictionary features of the Dictionary widget.

Shortcut Keys, Part II: Starting Up

A list of shortcut keys you can use at startup.

There may be times when you want to alter the way your computer starts up. These shortcut keys will do the job.

C

Holding down the C key as your computer starts tells it to look at the CD/DVD drive for a startup disc. If it finds one, it will start from that.

Keep in mind that a startup disc must have a valid System folder for your computer. A good candidate is always the System Software or Restore disc that came with your computer or an installation disc for the latest version of Mac OS.

Option

Holding down the Option key at startup should display a plain screen with buttons representing the available startup disks. Choose the button for the startup disk you want to start from that disk. Keep in mind that this doesn’t work on all Macs.

Command-X

Pressing Command-X right after the startup tone on a computer with both Mac OS X and Mac OS 9 installed will start using Mac OS X. As you can imagine, this feature is only supported on computers that support Mac OS 9 — otherwise why would it be installed?

T

Holding down the T key as your computer starts starts it in Target Disk mode. To take advantage of this feature, the computer should be connected via Firewire cable to another Mac OS computer that is already running. When the Target Disk mode computer starts, its hard disk appears on the other computer’s desktop and can be accessed like any other disk. The Target Disk computer cannot be run like a regular computer until it is restarted with Target Disk mode disabled.

Startup Disk Preferences PaneIf you know in advance that you want to start a computer in Target Disk mode, you can click the Startup Disk Mode button in the Startup Disk preferences pane, shown here. This immediately restarts the computer in target disk mode.

Shift

If you press and hold the Shift key (either one) right after the startup tone and release it when you see the spinning gear progress indicator, you’ll start the computer in “safe mode.” This loads only essential Mac OS X software. This is useful for tracking down software conflicts, but your applications may not work correctly until you perform a normal restart.

If you press the Shift key (either one) after clicking the Login button at the login screen, you prevent login items and Finder windows from opening when logging in. This can speed up the login process and prevent unwanted applications from starting up.

Left Shift

Holding down this key as the spinning gear progress indicator appears onscreen disables automatic login for the current session. This is handy if automatic login is set up for a user account but you want to go directly to a different user account.

Mouse Button

Okay, so it isn’t a shortcut key. But if you hold down the mouse button as the computer starts, it will eject any removable discs. This is a good trick if your computer insists on starting from a CD that you can’t otherwise eject.

Command-Option-P-R

This combination of keys at startup will reset parameter RAM. Hold them down until you hear the startup tone at least twice. You might want to reset parameter RAM (or PRAM) if you’re having network related problems. You can learn more about PRAM in Mac OS X in the “Mac OS X: What’s Stored in PRAM?” article on Apple’s Web site.

A Few More Seldom-Used Shortcuts

Here are a few more startup shortcuts that the average user will probably never use. But since they exist, I thought I’d list them for reference.

  • N starts the computer from the default NetBook disk image. Of course, you need a NetBoot disk image for this to work. (Anyone out there using NetBoot? If so, leave a comment here to tell us why.)
  • V starts the computer in “verbose mode,” which displays detailed status messages.
  • S starts the computer in “single user mode,” which enables you to troubleshoot the computer using Unix commands.

Page References

Product ImageMac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide includes more information about these topics:

  • Startup Disk preferences pane and Target Disk Mode, pages 581-582
  • Login Items, page 511
  • Ejecting discs, page 105

Shortcut Keys, Part I: Dialogs

A list of shortcut keys you can use in most Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard dialogs.

This is the first in a series of quick articles that list shortcut keys available in Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard. In this piece, I’ll tell you about some of the shortcuts you can use in Mac OS X dialogs.

Tab

Open DialogThe Tab key advances you to the next area of a dialog. So, if a dialog contains multiple text boxes for entering information, tab moves you from one to the next. You can tell when an item in a dialog is active because a blue border appears around it or a blue (usually) selection bar appears within it (or both, depending on the item).

In this example of the Open dialog for Apple’s Pages application, the Search box is active; you can see the blue border around it. If any of the list items were active, they’d have a blue bar on the selected item.

Return or Enter

Delete PodcastPressing return or Enter “clicks” the default button in the dialog. The default button is blue and pulsating — it stands out from other buttons in the dialog.

Not all dialogs have a default button and, in many cases, the default button isn’t the one you’d expect it to be. For example, when I select a podcast and press the Delete key in iTunes, I’d expect the Move to Trash button to be the default. It isn’t, as shown here. The Keep Files button is the default. Pressing return removes the file from iTunes, but who knows where it is or goes on disk?

Keep in mind that although these shortcut keys should work in the Finder, they may not work in all Mac OS X applications. It really depends on the software developer’s implementation of Mac OS standards. Try them and see for yourself!

Letter or Command-letter

This one is kind of tricky and doesn’t work all of the time. But I’ve found that it works in many applications.

If you have a dialog with multiple buttons, you can “click” one of the buttons by pressing the letter key corresponding to the first character in the button name. So in the dialog shown above, you can choose Move to Trash by pressing M.

In some applications, you might have to hold down the Command key while pressing the letter key.

You can also use a letter key to quickly go to the first item starting with that letter in a selected scrolling list.

Escape or Command-. (period)

Pressing Escape or Command-. is the same as clicking the cancel or close button in a dialog. At least it should work that way.

Up Arrow and Down Arrow

Pressing one of these arrow keys highlights the previous or next item in a selected scrolling list.

Left and Right Arrow

Pressing one of these arrow keys enables you to move horizontally in a multiple-column list. For example, in the first screenshot here, if the first column was active, you could use the right arrow key to activate the second column.

Page Up and Page Down

Pressing one of the Page keys scrolls a selected list one windowful at a time.

Command-Shift-G

Go to Folder in a DialogYou like the Go To Folder dialog that you can use in the Finder? Well, you can also use it in an Open or Save As dialog. Just press Command-Shift-G while the dialog is open. You can then enter a path to the folder you want

I have a mental block when it comes to that dialog and never seem to enter the right path on the first try.

Page References

Product ImageMac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide includes more information about these topics:

  • Keyboard shortcuts, page 23.
  • Dialogs, pages 207-209
  • Go To Folder Command and Dialog, pages 52-53